Encyclopedia britannica 1978 value4/6/2024 ![]() Most recent research (e.g., O’Toole 2000 Meier et al. In their view, the implementation of public policy results from negotiation (Strauss 1978) that depends on the structure of the network of stakeholders, their interaction and the distribution of power among them. Supporters of the bottom-up approach, however, consider the political micro-processes at play among stakeholders that have different interests and, often, irreconcilable values. Proponents of the top-down approach address control and communication among hierarchical levels. Explanations of the problems afflicting policy implementation have long focused on the approach adopted – i.e., top-down (Sarbaugh-Thompson and Zald 1979) or bottom-up (Berman 1978 Hjern et al. That a recent issue of Public Administration was devoted to the topic illustrates the scope and relevance of these concerns (see Barrett 2004 Exworthy and Powell 2004 O’Toole 2004 Schofield 2004). In many developed nations, the legitimacy of the state’s role in public policy implementation is increasingly being questioned. ![]()
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